Wayzata World Factbook 1994/World Factbook - 1994 Edition - Wayzata Technology (1994).iso/pc/text/txtfiles/yemen.bkg

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#CARD:Yemen:Background Notes
BACKGROUND NOTES:  YEMEN
PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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November 1992
Official Name:  Republic of Yemen
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PROFILE
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Geography
Area:  527,970 sq. km. (203,796 sq. mi.); about the size of California
and Pennsylvania combined.  Cities:  CapitalƒSanaa.  Other
citiesƒAden, Taiz, Hodeida, and Al-Mukalla.  Terrain:  Mountainous
interior with a flat and sandy coastal plain.  Climate:  Temperate in the
mountainous regions in the western part of the country; extremely hot
with minimal rainfall in the remainder of the country; humid on the
coast.
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People
Nationality:   Noun and adjectiveƒYemeni(s).  Population (1990 est.):
12 million.  Annual growth rate: 3.2%.  Ethnic group: Arab.  Religion:
Islam.   Language: Arabic.  Education:  Attendance (est.)ƒ67% primary,
10% secondary.  Literacy (est.)ƒ28%.  Health: Infant mortality
rateƒ116/1,000 live births.  Life expectancyƒ52 yrs.  Work force (2.8
million est.): As percentage of total populationƒ25%.  Agriculture and
fisheriesƒ64%.  Industry and commerceƒ11%.  Servicesƒ25%.
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Government
Type:  Republic.  Unification (of former South and North Yemen):  May
22, 1990.  Constitution:  Adopted May 21, 1990.
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Branches:  ExecutiveƒFive-member Presidential Council assisted by a
38-member cabinet.  Legislativeƒ301-seat provisional unified parliament
(159 members from the North, 111 members from the South, and 31
independent "at-large" members).   JudicialƒThe constitution calls for an
independent judiciary.  The transitional parliament passed a law
establishing the court system, setting out qualifications for judges, and
creating, for the first time in either Yemen, a Supreme Court.  However,
the law has not yet been implemented.
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Administrative subdivisions:  17 governorates subdivided into districts.
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Political parties:  Yemeni Socialist Party, General People's Congress,
Yemeni Grouping for Reform, Ba'athist Parties, Nasserist Parties, and
Muslim Fundamentalist Parties.  Suffrage: Universal over 18.
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National holiday:  May 22 (Unity Day).
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Flag:  Three horizontal bandsƒred, white, and black bands.
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Economy
GDP (1990 est.):   $7.4 billion.  Per capita GDP (1990 est.):  $617.
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Natural resources:  Oil, natural gas, fish, rock salt, small deposits of
coal and copper.
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Agriculture (est. 26% of GDP): Productsƒqat (a shrub containing
natural amphetamine), cotton, fruits, vegetables, cereals, livestock and
poultry, hides, skins, tobacco, honey.  Arable land (est.)ƒ5%.
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Industry (est. 18% of GDP):  Typesƒpetroleum refining, mining, food
processing, building materials.
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Trade (1990 est.):  Exportsƒ$908 million:  crude petroleum, refined oil
products, hides, fish, fruits, vegetables, cotton, coffee, biscuits, plastic
pipes.  Major marketsƒUnited States, Western Europe, South Korea,
Saudi Arabia.  Importsƒ$2.1 billion:  cereals, feed grains, foodstuffs,
machinery, petroleum products, transportation equipment.  Major
suppliersƒJapan, Saudi Arabia, Australia, EC countries, China, Russia
and other newly independent states, United States.
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Exchange rate (April 1991):  Officialƒ12 rials=US$1.  Marketƒ20 to 27
rials=US$1.
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PEOPLE
Unlike other people of the Arabian Peninsula who have historically been
nomads or semi-nomads, Yemenis are almost entirely sedentary and live
in small villages and towns scattered throughout the highlands and
coastal regions.
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Yemenis are divided into two principal Islamic religious groups:  the
Zaidi community of the Shi'a sect, found in the north and northwest,
and the Shafa'i community of the Sunni sect, found in the south and
southeast.  Yemenis are mainly of Semitic origin, although Negroid
strains are present among inhabitants of the coastal region.  Arabic is the
official language, although English is widely understood.  In the Mahra
area (the extreme east), several non-Arabic languages are spoken.
When the former states of North and South Yemen were established,
most resident minority groups departed.
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HISTORY
Although its early history is obscure, Yemen was one of the oldest
centers
of civilization in the Near East.  Between the 12th century BC and
the 6th century AD, it was part of
the Minaean, Sabaean, and Himyarite kingdoms and later came under
Ethiopian and Persian rule.  In the 7th century, Islamic caliphs began to
exert control over the area.  After this caliphate broke up, the former
North Yemen came under control of the Zaidi sect imams1, who
established a theocratic political structure that survived until modern
times.  Egyptian caliphs occupied much of North Yemen throughout the
11th century.  By the 16th century, North Yemen was part of the
Ottoman Empire and its imams exerted suzerainty over South Yemen.
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Former North Yemen.  Under the Ottoman Empire, Yemen had nominal
sovereignty until World War I.  Turkish forces withdrew from former
North Yemen in 1918, and Zaidi Imam Yahy strengthened his control
over the area of former North Yemen.  After brief military encounters
with Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom (which controlled the Aden
protectorate in what was former South Yemen), its boundaries were
established by treaty with those two countries.  It became a member of
the Arab League in 1945 and the United Nations in 1947.
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Imam Yahy died during a coup attempt in 1948 and was succeeded by
his son Ahmad, who ruled until his death in September 1962.  Imam
Ahmad's reign was marked by renewed friction with the United
Kingdom and growing pressures to support the Arab nationalist
objectives of Egyptian President Gamal Abdal Nasser.
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Shortly after assuming power, Ahmad's sonƒImam Badrƒwas deposed
by revolutionary (republican) forces which took control of Sanaa and
then created the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR).  At the request of the
new government, Egypt assisted the YAR with troops and supplies to
combat the deposed Imam Badr.  Saudi Arabia and Jordan supported
Badr's  royalist forces to oppose the newly formed republic.
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Conflict continued periodically until 1967 when Egyptian troops were
withdrawn from North Yemen after the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.  The
Egyptian-supported regime then collapsed, and moderate republican
leaders rallied to the defense of Sanaa against a final royalist siege of the
city.  By 1968, most of the opposing leaders reached a reconciliation;
Saudi Arabia recognized the republic in 1970.
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Former South Yemen.  British influence increased in the south and
eastern portion of Yemen after capture of the port of Aden in 1839.  The
area was ruled as part of British India until 1937, when it was made a
crown colony with designated East Aden and West Aden protectorates.
By 1965, many of the tribal states within the protectorates  and the Aden
colony proper had joined the British-sponsored Federation of South
Arabia.
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However, in 1965, two rival nationalist groupsƒthe Front for  the
Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) and the National
Liberation Front (NLF)ƒturned to terrorism in their struggle to control
the country.  FLOSY was associated with the sizable number of
Nasserite Egyptian supporters in neighboring YAR.
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In 1967, in the face of rising violence, British troops began with-
drawing.  Federation rule collapsed.  NLF elements seized control.  The
United Kingdom, having announced its intention to deal with any
indigenous group capable of forming a new government, met with the
NLF at Geneva.  Following these negotiations, South Arabia, including
Aden, was declared independent on November 30, 1967, and was
renamed the People's Republic of South Yemen.
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During the early period of its independence, South Yemen was ruled by
a three-member presidential council and a council of ministers.  The
NLF was the dominant political force, although a communist and a
Ba'ath party also existed.  In June 1969, a radical wing of the NLF
gained power and changed the country's name to the People's
Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) on December 1, 1970.  In
August 1971, a more radical NLF group achieved power at the expense
of Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Haytham.  In 1978, President Salim
Rubbaya Ali was overthrown in a bloody coup and executed by Abdul
Fattah Ismail, who assumed the presidency.  The PDRY enacted a new
constitution and amalgamated the three political parties into one, the
Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), which became the only legal party.
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Movement Toward Union.  The Governments of the PDRY and the
YAR had declared in 1972 that they approved a future union.  However,
little progress was made toward unification, and relations were often
strained.  In 1979, simmering tensions led to fighting, and PDRY
troops occupied YAR territory.  After the intervention of the Arab
League, the troops withdrew.  During a summit meeting in Kuwait in
March 1979, the presidents of both countries reiterated their support for
unity.  However, that year PDRY President Abdul Fattah Ismail
established the National Democratic Front (NDF) insurgency against the
YAR.
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In April 1980, PDRY President Abdul Fattah Ismail resigned,
ostensibly for health reasons, and  was  exiled and replaced by Ali Nasir
Muhammad.  The new president adopted a less interventionist stance
toward both the YAR and neighboring Oman after 1982.  Both the NDF
insurgency and a similar movement against the Oman Government were
reined in.  However, internal opposition to Ali Nasir grew and, in
August 1985, became more focused after Ismail's return from exile in
Moscow.  A Yemeni Socialist Party conference in October 1985 did
little to reduce the tensions arising from his return.
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On January 13, 1986, a violent struggle began in the PDRY capital
between Ali Nasir Muhammad and Abdul Fattah Ismail and their
supporters.  Fighting lasted for more than 1 month and resulted in
thousands of casualties, Ali Nasir's ouster, and Ismail's death.  Some
60,000 exiles, including Ali-Nasser and his sup- porters, fled to the
YAR, producing a further deterioration in YAR-PDRY relations.  In the
PDRY, the prime minister, Haydar Abu Bakr Al-Attas, assumed the
presidency.  A period of instability followed and continued until the
summer of 1986.
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In May 1988, the YAR and PDRY Governments concluded agreements
that considerably reduced tensions and renewed their discussions
concerning unification.  They also agreed to establish a joint oil
exploration investment area along their undefined border, to demilitarize
the border, and to allow all Yemenis free border passage by presenting
only a national identification card.
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In November 1989, the leaders of the YAR and the PDRY agreed on a
draft unity constitution originally drawn up in 1981.  The legislatures
ratified this constitution on May 21,1990, and the Republic of Yemen
(RY) was declared on May 22.  On May 22, Yemen also announced a
30-month transitional period for completing arrangements for unifying
the different political and economic systems.
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1 In Islam, a recognized leader or a religious leader.  Among the Sunni,
the term refers to the leader in the Friday Mosque prayer.  The term also
is a synonym for caliph, the vicegerent of God.  The Shiites apply it to
Ali, Hasan and Hussein, and the rest of the caliphs in the family of Ali,
whom they consider, alone of the orthodox calips, to have been
successors of the Prophet.
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GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
As part of the transitional period, a presidential council was jointly
elected by the 26-member YAR Advisory Council and the 17-member
PDRY Presidium.  This council consists of five membersƒthree from
the North and two from the Southƒto oversee executive duties during
the transitional period.  The council has appointed a prime minister, who
formed a 38-member cabinet.  The central government offices are
located in Sanaa, capital of the former YAR, with branches in Aden,
capital of the former PDRY.  Employees are being transferred from the
North to the South, and vice versa, in order to facilitate ministry
integration.  As part of the new unified government, the council also has
appointed a 45-member  advisory council.
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Yemen has formed a new 301-seat provisional unified parliament,
consisting of 159 members from the North, 111 members from the
South, and 31 independent "at-large" members appointed by the
chairman of the council.  The 31 "at-large" positions include some
members of the opposition parties.  The provisional parliament is
entrusted with all legislative powers stipulated in the constitution, with
the exception of electing members of the council and amendment of the
constitution.  Country-wide legislative elections are expected to be held
before November 22, 1992.
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The unity constitution, ratified on May 21, 1990, will serve as the legal
cornerstone for the new state.  The constitution affirms Yemen's
commitment to several important principles, including free elections, a
multi-party political system, the right to own private property, and
equality under the law in the areas of sex, color, origin, language,
occupation, social status, and religious belief.  The unity constitution
was submitted to a popular referendum in May 1991 and over-
whelmingly approved.
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Principal Government Officials
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Presidential Council
Chairman Ali Abdallah SalehƒPresident
Prime MinisterƒHaydar Abu Bakr Al-Attas
Minister of Foreign AffairsƒAbd al-Karim al-Iryani
 Ambassador to the United StatesƒMoshin Al-Alaini
Ambassador to the United NationsƒAbdullah Al-Ashtal
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The Republic of Yemen maintains an embassy in the United States at
2600 Virginia Ave., NW,  Suite 705, Washington, DC  20037 (tel.
202-965-4760).
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ECONOMY
At the time of unification, both the YAR and the PDRY were struggling
with underdeveloped economies.  In the North, disruptions of civil war
(1962-70) and frequent periods of drought dealt severe blows to a
previously prosperous agricultural sector.  Coffee production, formerly
the North's main export and principal form of foreign exchange,
declined in the 1980s, as the cultivation of qat (a shrub whose leaves
contain natural amphetamine and are chewed for a mild stimulating
effect) increased.  Low levels of domestic industry and agriculture and
the lack of raw  materials made the YAR dependent on imports.
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Trade deficits were compensated for by remittances from Yemenis
working abroad and foreign aid.  Beginning in the mid-1950s, the
Soviet Union and China provided large-scale assistance to the YAR.
This aid included funding of substantial construction projects,
scholarships for study in communist countries, and considerable
military assistance.  Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian aid
to Yemen has effectively ceased.
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Industrial development was still in its early stages at the time of
unification, and was mainly in cement, food processing, cooking oil,
flour, household plastic goods, and cigarettes.  In 1966, traces of
copper, sulfur, coal, and quartz were found.  Oil was discovered in the
Marib area in 1984 by an American oil company.  Reserves currently are
projected at 500 million barrels.  An oil refinery began operation in April
1986.
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In the PDRY, economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in
the port city of Aden.  The economy of South Yemen suffered greatly
when the UK military base at Aden was closed in 1967.  The PDRY
made small gains in diversification after the mid-1970s, and in 1982, a
minor oil discovery was made by an Italian company.  Other firms and
nations, particularly the former Soviet Union, later participated in efforts
to discover and produce oil in South Yemen.  At the time of unification,
much of South Yemen's revenue was derived from refinery operations
in which crude oil was imported to Aden and refined products exported.
As in its northern counterpart, worker remittances and foreign aid were
extremely important to the PDRY economy.  Foreign assistance to both
countries declined, however, as oil-rich Gulf states cut back aid because
of declining oil revenues.
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At unification, the PDRY had a centrally planned Marxist-oriented
economy while the YAR was more market oriented.  The unified Yemen
Government currently is in the process of integrating two disparate
economic systems.  It hopes to complete this integration by the end of
the 30-month transitional period, which is scheduled to end on
November 22, 1992.  Parliamentary elections, which will complete this
process, probably will not take place until February 1993.
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The most important development for the Yemeni economy was the
discovery of oil in the 1980s.  The Shabwa fields in the South, the
Marib fields in the  North, and the Joint Investment Area (called the
"Jana Block" since unification) are all believed to have substantial  oil
reserves.  The success of oil development activities will be important for
Yemen's future economic development.  In 1990 and 1991, more than a
dozen foreign oil companies, including US companies Occidental, Sun,
Pecten (Shell-USA), and Chevron, signed production-sharing
agreements with the Yemeni Government to begin oil exploration in the
South.
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After Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, more than 750,000
Yemeni expatriates living and working in the Arab Gulf countries,
especially Saudi Arabia, returned to Yemen.  Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the
United Arab Emirates, and the United States stopped or reduced their
assistance to Yemen because of its Gulf policy, which was sympathetic
to Iraq.
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Since unification in May 1990, Chinese aid has steadily decreased.
Trade also has decreased since the Gulf War, as China now requires
hard currency for all purchases.  Chinese concessionary financingƒno
interest loansƒhas been discontinued.  Current Yemeni debt to China is
estimated at $200 million.  China is still involved with several public
works programs in Yemen, which includes highway construction and
building a dam.  They are still providing educational aid in the form of
medical training to Yemeni students.
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The influx of the returnees, coupled with the cut in outside assistance,
has imposed severe burdens on the Yemeni economy:  Remittances from
expatriate workers largely stopped, and unemployment within Yemen
increased. The returnees and their children, comprising about 7% of the
population, have increased pressure on schools, health clinics, housing,
and social services.  The Yemeni Government seeks increased bilateral
and multilateral assistance to cope with these economic problems.
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FOREIGN RELATIONS
Prior to unification, the two nations pursued very different external
relations.  In the North, the Imams of Yemen sought to keep their
countries isolated.  Under the influence of Crown Prince Badr, large aid
missions from the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China had
been established in 1958 and 1959, but communist aid declined after the
end of the civil war in 1970.
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Following the September 1962 revolution, the Yemen Arab Republic
became closely allied with and heavily dependent on Egypt, which
supplied troops to help defend the new republic.  The Saudis feared that
the republican government posed a threat to Saudi Arabia's southern
border and sup- ported the royalists, enabling them to achieve
considerable military success in North Yemen.  After the Egyptian
evacuation in 1967 and the subsequent royalist failure to topple the
republican regime, Saudi-Yemeni differences were overcome, and
relations were re-established.
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In February 1989, North Yemen joined Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt in
forming the Arab Cooperation Council (ACC), an Arab regional
organization intended to foster closer economic cooperation and
integration.  In September 1989, Sanaa hosted the second ACC summit
meeting, at which the four heads of state signed a number of agreements
in economic, agricultural, labor, cultural, educational, and other fields.
After unification, Yemen was accepted as a member of the ACC in place
of its YAR predecessor.  In the wake of the Gulf crisis, the ACC has
remained inactive.
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In the South, the PDRY had diplomatic relations with many countries in
the East and West and with moderate Arab states, including Saudi
Arabia, Kuwait, and Egypt.  However, relations between it and the
conservative Arab states of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula
had been marked by political incompatibility and military clashes, such
as that with Saudi Arabia in 1969 and 1973.  The PDRY was the only
Arab state to vote against admitting new Arab states in the Gulf area to
the United Nations and the Arab League.
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The regime which took control in 1986, however, continued former
President Ali Nasir Muhammad's more conciliatory approach to foreign
relations and, in pursuit of wider acceptance, undertook extensive
consultations with the Eastern bloc and Arab states.
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Since unification, the Yemen Government has reaffirmed its
commitment to the Arab League and its organizations and to the
Organization of the Islamic Conference.  It also has stated its
commitment to the cause of the Palestinians and the establishment of a
Palestinian state with its capital in Jerusalem.  On a broader scope, it has
emphasized that  it will pursue a nonaligned policy and will seek
security in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, with an emphasis on nuclear
non-proliferation in this region.  It also has stated its commitment to the
dissemination of democracy throughout the world.
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The Gulf crisis dramatically affected Yemen's relations with its
neighbors  [see ECONOMY].   A member of the UN Security Council
(UNSC) for 1990 and 1991, Yemen abstained on a number of UNSC
resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait, including the mandatory
economic sanctions resolution (UNSCR 661), and voted against the
"use of force resolution" (UNSCR 678).  During the crisis, the Yemeni
media was pro-Iraqi, anti-American, and anti-Saudi.  After the invasion
of Kuwait, Yemen, contrary to the rest of the region, did not condemn
the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and did not support UN action to reverse
the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.  The Yemeni Government maintained, and
continues to maintain, high-level contacts with the Saddam regime.
However, the government called for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from
Kuwait.  The Yemeni Government abstained on the comprehensive
"cease-fire resolution" (UNSCR 687) at the end of the Gulf  War.

US-YEMEN RELATIONS
The United States had differing relations with the two Yemeni nations.
The United States established diplomatic relations with the Imamate of
Yemen in 1946.  A resident legation, later elevated to embassy status,
was opened in Taiz, the capital at the time, on March 16, 1959.  The
United States recognized the new Yemen Arab Republic on December
19, 1962.  On June 6, 1967, the YAR broke diplomatic relations with
the United States in the wake of the Arab-Israeli conflict of that year.
Diplomatic relations were restored following a visit by Secretary of State
William P. Rogers  in 1972.
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During a border conflict between the Yemen Arab Republic and the
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in February 1979, the United
States cooperated with Saudi Arabia to greatly expand the security
assistance program to the YAR, and relations improved greatly.  Hunt
Oil of Dallas, Texas, discovered oil in the YAR in 1984.  George Bush,
while Vice President, visited  in April 1986, and YAR President Saleh
visited the United States in January 1990.  The United States had a $42
million US Agency for International Development (USAID) program in
1990.  From 1980 to 1990, the United States provided the YAR with
assistance in the agriculture, education, health, and water sectors.  In
addition to its USAID program, the United States has about 50 Peace
Corps volunteers in Yemen engaged in agricultural development,
irrigation, nursing, and English instruction.  The US Information
Service operates an English-language institute in Sanaa.
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On December 7, 1967, the United States recognized the People's
Democratic Republic of Yemen and elevated its consulate general in
Aden to embassy status.  However, relations were strained due to South
Yemen's apparent concerns over US policy toward Saudi Arabia and
Israel.  Furthermore, the PDRY Government was closely associated
with known terrorist organizations and was, consequently,  placed on
the list of nations that support terrorism.  On October 24, 1969, South
Yemen formally broke diplomatic relations with the United States and
expelled the diplomatic mission.
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The United States and the PDRY re-established diplomatic relations on
April 30, 1990,  3 weeks before the announcement of unification.  After
the announcement, the United States officially recognized the Republic
of Yemen.  Widely divergent views between the American and Yemeni
Governments have affected the bilateral relationship.  In FY 1990, US
foreign aid to Yemen was $22 million.  This aid was reduced to $2.9
million in FY 1991 and $3 million in FY 1992, due to Yemeni support
for Iraq in the Gulf War.  The small US military assistance program to
Yemen also was canceled during the Gulf crisis.
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Principal US Officials:
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AmbassadorƒArthur H. Hughes
Charge d'Affaires a.i.ƒBruce Strathearn
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The address of the US Embassy in Yemen is PO Box 22347, Sanaa,
Republic of Yemen.
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Additional Information
Available from the Superintendent of Documents, US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC  20402:
American University.  Area Handbook for the Yemens.
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TRAVEL NOTES:
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Customs and currency:  A visa is required for US citizens and may be
obtained at the Republic of Yemen  Embassy in Washington, DC, or the
Mission to the United Nations, 211 East 43d St., New York, NY
10017.  Customs controls prohibit liquor.  Persons arriving in the
Republic of Yemen may be required to change US $150 into Yemeni
rials at the time of arrival; sufficient funds should, therefore, be carried
to meet this requirement.
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Climate and clothing:  Climate varies according to area; cool and dry at
high elevations (Sanaa), hot and humid along the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden coastal plains.  Lightweight wash-and-wear clothing is best.
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Health:  Smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid, and gamma globulin
shots are recommended; check current health requirements.

Published by the United States Department of State --  Bureau of Public
Affairs  -- Office of Public Communication -- Washington, DC --
November 1992.
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Department of State Publication 10021--Background Notes Series  --
This material is in the public domain and may  be reprinted without
permission; citation of this source is appreciated.
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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402.

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